Fish sounds

Sounds of Western North Atlantic Fishes - Data Rescue. Rodney A. Rountree*¹, Paul J. Perkins², Robert D. Kenney³ and Kenneth R. Hinga⁴. ⁽¹⁾ Department of Natural Resource Conservation, UMASS-Amherst, 48 Oregon Rd., Mashpee, MA 02649, USA. rrountree@capecod.net. ⁽²⁾ Retired. RI196@aol.com. ⁽³⁾ Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Box 41, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. rkenney@gso.uri.edu. ⁽⁴⁾ Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. khinga@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu.

There is increasing interest in the potential of passive acoustics as a tool to study temporal and spatial distribution patterns, habitat use, and spawning, feeding, and predator avoidance behaviors of fishes. However, one of the primary limitations to more widespread use of passive acoustics in studies of fish ecology is the lack of well documented, and readily available, sound references. This has led to our efforts to recover and make available a digital copy of tapes of fish sounds that originally accompanied the landmark book "Sounds of Western North Atlantic Fishes" by Marie Fish and William Mowbray. They examined over 220 species from 59 families, and found biological sounds from 153 species from 36 families. The creation and distribution of a CD of fish sounds is the first step in a larger effort to rescue over 3 decades of sounds recorded at the Narragansett Marine Laboratory (Now the Graduate School of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island), as well as other historical data, and establish a National Archive of Fish Sounds at Cornell University. In this presentation we provide audio samples of fish sounds from the CD and present a summary of ongoing efforts to create the National Archive.

Objectives

1. Recover, digitize, and provide for distribution, Fish and Mowbray's reference collection of fish sounds that accompanied their landmark book "Sounds of Northwest Atlantic Fishes: A reference file of underwater sounds" (1970).

2. To summarize data contained within the reference file.

3. To initiate a collaborative effort to expand and up-date Fish and Mowbray's "Reference file of underwater sounds" and provide worldwide access to the data via the Internet.

4. To examine historic data and audio tape recordings stored at URI facilities to summarize the amount, type and condition of fish and other underwater sound materials that still survive.

5. To initiate a collaborative effort to "rescue" this archive by converting existing tapes and reports into digital format and providing access to the data via the Internet.

Rationale

We are working on an inventory of fish and other underwater sounds data housed at URI sufficient to support future proposals for major funding to "rescue" the data by converting tapes into digital form for storage on computers at the Library of Natural Sounds at Cornell University. The resulting data set will serve as the backbone of a new National Archive of Fish Sounds, to become part of a larger archive of marine sounds. These archives will be available free of charge to all interested persons via the World-Wide-Web. More immediately, the demonstration CD-ROM will provide critical information for rapid distribution to scientists around the country and world to aid in the identification of fish sounds. Currently, only a few sounds from a handful of species are easily available to the public in the form of digital sound files. We feel that this is a significant hindrance to the widespread study of the soniferous activities of fishes, and is a major obstacle to the development of programs that seek to use fish sounds as a tool to map essential fish habitats of soniferous species. We further feel, that the completion of this proposed work will stimulate ongoing discussion on the importance and need of a National Archive of Fish Sounds and catalyze efforts to rescue, not only the NML data, but other archives located around the country.

Summary

Fish and Mowbray (1970) compiled data on 218 species of fishes from 59 families between 1949-1970 (Table 1 ). Of the 171 species for which sounds were recorded, Fish and Mowbray recognised 153 as producing sounds of biological origin. We characterized each of the 218 species auditioned as having no sound (47), weak sound (83), moderately strong sound (37) and strong sound (47) production (Table 1 ), based on our interpretation of sound descriptions provided by Fish and Mowbray (1970), and earlier by Fish (1954). Sounds recorded for four additional species were of uncertain origin and were not classified (? In Table 1). The 47 strongly vocal species were distributed among 17 families (Table 2 ). Only 47 species from 24 families were observed to produce truly spontaneous sounds (Table 3 ). Most of these were strong sound producers (26, weak=9, and moderate=12). We define spontaneous as occurring without mechanical or electrical stimulation (Fish and Mowbray sometimes describe sounds as spontaneous when it occurs in response to handling or capture). Although Fish and Mowbray include 160 sonograms and 329 oscillograms, they can sometimes be difficult to interpret by readers untrained in acoustics. Unfortunately they fail to provide summaries of acoustic parameters such as frequency range, peak, amplitude, pulse rate, number of pulses per call, call duration, etc. Frequency and amplitude data from 25 species of 17 families are given in Table 4 , based mainly on an earlier report by Fish (1954). This type of data is badly needed before passive acoustics can become an important tool in studies of fish ecology and applications to fisheries management. Production of a CD-ROM containing all the fish reference files published in Fish and Mowbray 1970 will be completed by August 2001. A demonstration CD-ROM containing recordings from 82 fish species is provided for your review (see Table 5 , use headphones and select a track of interest from CD #1). A second demonstration CD-ROM containing sounds of 17 selected species is currently playing (Table 6 , CD #2).

We have also completed a preliminary inventory of the sound data archive held at URI. The archive contains 1,399 tapes from 209 tape series or studies collected between 1949 and 1993 (Table 7 ). Besides including the 167 fish species making up the Fish and Mowbray (1970) reference (i.e., those with some sounds), it also contains numerous marine mammal and other marine sounds (Table 8 ). Whales were recorded in at least 141 tape series, dolphins in 69, fish in 65, sea noise in 71, and ships/boats in 40, of the 209 tape series. Other marine sounds (seals, manatees, invertebrates, and various noises) were recorded in at least 70 tape series. A complete list of sounds included in the collection will not be available until a more thorough inventory can be made. Recordings were made in over 19 geographic locations around the world (Table 9 ). Most data were collected during oceanographic research cruises (ship/small boat) or from Laboratory, tank, enclosures, or public aquaria (Aquarium), however some data were collected from exotic platforms such as from submarines and pack-ice (Table 10 ). This archive represents a tremendously important historic archive of marine sounds. It contains some of the most important records of underwater sounds made to date. A few of the notable examples are describe in Table 11 .

Table 1. List of fish species "auditioned" for sound production by Fish and Mowbray 1970 (Codes are those referenced in the book, MS=mechanical, ES=electrical, and S=spontaneous stimulus used to induce sound). MS includes chasing, touching, handling, catching, holding, etc. "Sound" refers to our subjective interpretation of the strength of sound production based on descriptions in the text of Fish, 1954 and Fish and Mowbray 1970.

				STIMULUS
FAMILY	CODE	SPECIES	SOUND	MS	ES	S
Orectolobidae	008.001	Ginglymostoma cirratum	NONE
Carcharhinidae	011.001	Mustelus canis	NONE
Sphyrnidae	012.001	Sphyrna zygaena	NONE
Squalidae	013.001	Squalus acanthias	NONE
Rajidae	018.001	Raja erinacea	NONE
	018.002	Raja ocellata	NONE
	018.003	Raja eglanteria	NONE
Dasyatidae	019.001	Dasyatis centroura	NONE
	019.002	Gymnura micrura	NONE
Myliobatidae	020.001	Rhinoptera bonasus	STRONG	Y
	020.002	Myliobatis freminvillei	NONE
Elopidae	027.001	Megalops atlantica	STRONG	Y
Albulidae	028.001	Albula vulpes	MODERATE	Y		Y
Clupeidae	029.001	Clupea harengus	WEAK	Y	Y	?
	029.002	Opisthonema oglinum	WEAK	Y	Y
	029.003	Brevoortia tyrannus	WEAK	Y
	029.004	Alosa mediocris	NONE
	029.005	Alosa pseudoharengus	NONE
	029.006	Alosa aestivalis	NONE
	029.007	Dorosoma cepedianum	WEAK	Y
Ariidae	047.001	Bagre marinus	STRONG	Y		Y
	047.002	Galeichthys felis	STRONG	Y		Y
Anguillidae	049.001	Anguilla rostrata	WEAK	Y	Y	Y
Gadidae	063.001	Merluccius bilinearis	WEAK	Y
	063.002	Pollachius virens	WEAK	Y
	063.003	Gadus morhua	STRONG	Y		Y
	063.004	Urophycis regius	WEAK		Y
	063.005	Urophycis chuss	WEAK		Y
Syngnathidae	070.001	Hippocampus hudsonius	MODERATE			Y
Holocentridae	077.001	Myripristis jacobus	STRONG	Y		Y
	077.002	Holocentrus ascensionis	STRONG	Y		Y
Centropomidae	082.001	Centropomus ensiferus	WEAK		Y
Serranidae	083.001	Roccus saxatilis	MODERATE	Y	Y
	083.002	Petrometopon cruentatum	WEAK		Y
	083.003	Cephalopholis fulva	WEAK	Y	Y
	083.004	Epinephelus adscensionis	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
	083.005	Epinephelus striatus	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
	083.006	Epinephelus guttatus	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
	083.007	Epinephelus drummondhayi	STRONG	Y		Y
	083.008	Epinephelus morio	MODERATE			Y
	083.009	Epinephelus nigritus	STRONG	Y
	083.010	Epinephelus itajara	STRONG	Y
	083.011	Alphestes afer	MODERATE	Y	Y
	083.012	Mycteroperca venenosa	MODERATE	Y
	083.013	Mycteroperca bonaci	MODERATE	Y
	083.014	Mycteroperca microlepis	WEAK		Y
	083.015	Mycteroperca interstitialis	WEAK			Y
	083.016	Hypoplectrus unicolor	NONE
	083.017	Centropristis striatus	WEAK	Y	Y
	083.018	Diplectrum formosum	WEAK	Y	Y
	083.019	Serranus tigrinus	WEAK		Y
	083.020	Rypticus saponaceus	WEAK		Y
	083.021	Rypticus bistrispinus	WEAK		Y
Lutjanidae	085.001	Hoplopagrus guntheri	NONE
	085.002	Lutjanus griseus	WEAK	Y	Y
	085.003	Lutjanus jocu	MODERATE	Y	Y
	085.004	Lutjanus apodus	MODERATE	Y	Y
	085.005	Lutjanus analis	WEAK	Y	Y
	085.006	Lutjanus synagris	WEAK	Y	Y
	085.007	Lutjanus mahogoni	NONE
	085.008	Ocyurus chrysurus	WEAK	Y	Y	Y
	085.009	Rhomboplites aurorubens	WEAK		Y
Pomatomidae	091.001	Pomatomus saltatrix	WEAK	Y	Y
Carangidae	093.001	Oligoplites saurus	WEAK	Y	Y
	093.002	Naucrates ductor	NONE
	093.003	Seriola zonata	MODERATE	Y
	093.004	Seriola dumerili	MODERATE			Y
	093.005	Elagatis bipinnulatus	?	Y
	093.006	Selar crumenophthalmus	MODERATE	Y
	093.007	Caranx ruber	STRONG	Y		Y
	093.008	Caranx bartholomaei	WEAK		Y
	093.009	Caranx hippos	STRONG	Y		Y
	093.010	Caranx crysos	MODERATE	Y		Y
	093.011	Caranx latus	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
	093.012	Alectis crinitus	STRONG	Y
	093.013	Vomer setapinnis	STRONG	Y
	093.014	Selene vomer	STRONG	Y
	093.015	Chloroscombrus chrysurus	MODERATE	Y	Y
	093.016	Trachinotus glaucus	WEAK	Y	Y
	093.017	Trachinotus falcatus	WEAK	Y
Gerridae	096.001	Eucinostomus gula	WEAK	Y	Y
	096.002	Eucinostomus havana	WEAK		Y
	096.003	Gerres cinereus	WEAK	Y	Y
	096.004	Diapterus rhombeus	WEAK	Y	Y
Pomadasyidae	097.001	Haemulon album	STRONG	Y		Y
	097.002	Haemulon macrostomum	STRONG	Y	Y
	097.003	Haemulon parrae	MODERATE	Y	Y
	097.004	Haemulon carbonarium	MODERATE	Y
	097.005	Haemulon melanurum	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
	097.006	Haemulon sciurus	STRONG	Y	Y
	097.007	Haemulon plumieri	STRONG	Y	Y
	097.008	Haemulon flavolineatum	STRONG	Y
	097.009	Haemulon aurolineatum	STRONG	Y	Y
	097.010	Haemulon striatum	STRONG	Y
	097.011	Anisotremus surinamensis	WEAK	Y
	097.012	Anisotremus virginicus	WEAK	Y	Y
	097.013	Conodon nobilis	STRONG	Y	Y
	097.014	Pomadasys corvinaeformis	STRONG	Y
	097.015	Orthopristis chrysopterus	STRONG	Y		Y
Sciaenidae	098.001	Cynoscion regalis	STRONG	Y		Y
	098.002	Cynoscion nebulosus	?
	098.003	Cynoscion jamaicensis	STRONG	Y
	098.004	Larimus breviceps	STRONG	Y	Y
	098.005	Odontoscion dentex	WEAK	Y
	098.006	Bairdiella chrysura	STRONG	Y		Y
	098.007	Bairdiella ronchus	STRONG	Y	Y
	098.008	Stellifer lanceolatus	WEAK
	098.009	Ophioscion adustus	STRONG	Y	Y
	098.010	Sciaenops ocellata	WEAK	Y	Y
	098.011	Leiostomus xanthurus	MODERATE	Y	Y	Y
	098.012	Micropogon undulatus	STRONG	Y		Y
	098.013	Umbrina coroides	WEAK	Y
	098.014	Menticirrhus saxatilis	WEAK	Y
	098.015	Pogonias cromis	STRONG	Y		Y
	098.016	Equetus acuminatus	WEAK	Y	Y
Mullidae	099.001	Pseudupeneus maculatus	WEAK	Y	Y
	099.002	Mulloidichthys martinicus	MODERATE	Y	Y
Sparidae	100.001	Stenotomus chrysops	WEAK	Y
	100.002	Calamus calamus	WEAK	Y	Y
	100.003	Calamus bajonado	WEAK	Y	Y
	100.004	Calamus penna	WEAK	Y
	100.005	Lagodon rhomboides	STRONG	Y		Y
	100.006	Archosargus rhomboidalis	WEAK	Y	Y
	100.007	Archosargus probatocephalus	NONE
	100.008	Diplodus argenteus	WEAK	Y	Y
Kyphosidae	103.001	Kyphosus sectatrix	MODERATE	Y	Y	Y
Ephippidae	105.001	Chaetodipterus faber	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
Chaetodontidae	106.001	Chaetodon ocellatus	WEAK		Y
	106.002	Chaetodon striatus	WEAK		Y
	106.003	Pomacanthus aureus	WEAK	Y	Y	Y
	106.004	Pomacanthus arcuatus	WEAK		Y
	106.005	Holacanthus tricolor	WEAK		Y
	106.006	Holacanthus ciliaris	WEAK	Y	Y	?
	106.007	Holacanthus isabelita	WEAK	Y	Y
Pomacentridae	109.001	Eupomacentrus dorsopunicans	WEAK		Y
	109.002	Eupomacentrus leucostictus	WEAK		Y	Y
	109.003	Abudefduf saxatilis	WEAK		Y	Y
	109.004	Hypsypops rubicunda	MODERATE			Y
Labridae	110.001	Tautogolabrus adspersus	WEAK		Y
	110.002	Tautoga onitis	MODERATE		Y	Y
	110.003	Lachnolaimus maximus	WEAK	Y	Y
	110.004	Halichoeres radiatus	WEAK		Y
	110.005	Halichoeres bivitattus	WEAK		Y
Scaridae	111.001	Sparisoma radians	MODERATE	Y
	111.002	Sparisoma aurofrenatum	WEAK		Y
	111.003	Sparisoma chrysopterum	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.004	Sparisoma viride	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.005	Sparisoma rubripinne	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.006	Scarus vetula	WEAK	Y
	111.007	Scarus croicensis	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.008	Scarus coeruleus	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.009	Scarus coelestinus	WEAK	Y	Y
	111.010	Scarus guacamaia	WEAK	Y	Y
Acanthuridae	112.001	Acanthurus coeruleus	WEAK	Y	Y
	112.002	Acanthurus chirurgus	WEAK	Y	Y
	112.003	Acanthurus bahianus	WEAK	Y	Y	Y
Scombridae	115.001	Scomber scombrus	?
	115.002	Auxis thazard	NONE
	115.003	Scomberomorus maculatus	NONE
	115.004	Scomberomorus regalis	NONE
Scorpaenidae	122.001	Sebastes marinus	NONE
	122.002	Scorpaena plumieri	WEAK			Y
Triglidae	123.001	Prionotus carolinus	STRONG	Y		Y
	123.002	Prionotus evolans	STRONG			Y
Cottidae	127.001	Myoxocephalus aeneus	WEAK	Y	Y
	127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	STRONG	Y		Y
	127.003	Hemitripterus americanus	NONE
Cyclopteridae	129.001	Cyclopterus lumpus	NONE
Dactylopteridae	130.001	Dactylopterus volitans	STRONG	Y
Ammodytidae	132.001	Ammodytes americanus	NONE
Uranoscopidae	136.001	Astroscopus guttatus	NONE
Zoarchidae	145.001	Macrozoarces americanus	NONE
Stromateidae	151.001	Peprilus paru	NONE
	151.002	Peprilus triacanthus	NONE
	151.003	Palinurichthys perciformis	NONE
Sphyraenidae	154.001	Sphyraena barracuda	WEAK		Y
	154.002	Sphyraena guachancho	NONE
Mugilidae	155.001	Mugil brasiliensis	NONE
	155.002	Mugil curema	NONE
Atherinidae	156.001	Menidia beryllina	NONE
	156.002	Menidia menidia	NONE
Polynemidae	157.001	Polydactylus virginicus	WEAK	Y	Y
Bothidae	158.001	Paralichthys dentatus	NONE
	158.002	Scophthalmus aquosus	?	?
Pleuronectidae	159.001	Hippoglossoides platessoides	NONE
	159.002	Pseudopleuronectes americanus	NONE
Soleidae	160.001	Achirus fasciatus	NONE
Echeneidae	162.001	Echeneis naucrates	NONE
	162.002	Remora remora	NONE
Balistidae	165.001	Balistes capriscus	MODERATE	Y	Y	Y
	165.002	Balistes vetula	WEAK	Y	Y
	165.003	Canthidermis sufflamen	WEAK	Y	Y	Y
	165.004	Melichthys radula	WEAK	Y
	165.005	Cantherines pullus	WEAK	Y
	165.006	Monacanthus hispidus	MODERATE	Y	Y
	165.007	Alutera schoepfi	MODERATE	Y	Y	Y
	165.008	Alutera scripta	WEAK	Y
Ostraciidae	166.001	Lactophrys triqueter	MODERATE	Y	Y
	166.002	Lactophrys bicaudalis	MODERATE	Y		Y
	166.003	Lactophrys trigonus	MODERATE	Y
	166.004	Lactophrys quadricornis	MODERATE	Y
Tetraodontidae	167.001	Lagocephalus laevigatus	MODERATE	Y
	167.002	Sphaeroides testudineus	MODERATE	Y
	167.003	Sphaeroides maculatus	MODERATE	Y
	167.004	Sphaeroides spengleri	MODERATE	Y
	167.005	Canthigaster rostrata	MODERATE	Y
Diodontidae	168.001	Diodon hystrix	MODERATE	Y
	168.002	Chilomycterus schoepfi	MODERATE	Y	Y
	068.003	Chilomycterus atinga	MODERATE	Y	Y
Molidae	169.001	Mola mola	STRONG	Y
Batrachoididae	170.001	Opsanus tau	STRONG			Y
	170.002	Opsanus phobetron	STRONG	Y	Y	Y
Lophiidae	171.001	Lophius americanus	NONE
Antennariidae	172.001	Histrio histrio	NONE
	172.002	Histrio gibba	NONE
	172.003	Antennarius scaber	NONE
Ogcocephalidae	173.001	Ogcocephalus vespertilio	NONE
	173.002	Ogcocephalus radiatus	NONE

Table 2. List of the 47 species of 17 families considered to have strong sound production based on data in Fish (1954) and Fish and Mowbray (1970). Stimulus (MS=mechanical, ES=electrical, S=spontaneous).

			Stimulus
Family	Code	Species	MS	ES	S
Myliobatidae	020.001	Rhinoptera bonasus	Y
Elopidae	027.001	Megalops atlantica	Y
Ariidae	047.001	Bagre marinus	Y		Y
	047.002	Galeichthys felis	Y		Y
Gadidae	063.003	Gadus morhua	Y		Y
Holocentridae	077.002	Holocentrus ascensionis	Y		Y
	077.001	Myripristis jacobus	Y		Y
Serranidae	083.004	Epinephelus adscensionis	Y	Y	Y
	083.007	Epinephelus drummondhayi	Y		Y
	083.006	Epinephelus guttatus	Y	Y	Y
	083.010	Epinephelus itajara	Y
	083.009	Epinephelus nigritus	Y
	083.005	Epinephelus striatus	Y	Y	Y
Carangidae	093.012	Alectis crinitus	Y
	093.009	Caranx hippos	Y		Y
	093.011	Caranx latus	Y	Y	Y
	093.007	Caranx ruber	Y		Y
	093.014	Selene vomer	Y
	093.013	Vomer setapinnis	Y
Pomadasyidae	097.013	Conodon nobilis	Y	Y
	097.001	Haemulon album	Y		Y
	097.009	Haemulon aurolineatum	Y	Y
	097.008	Haemulon flavolineatum	Y
	097.002	Haemulon macrostomum	Y	Y
	097.005	Haemulon melanurum	Y	Y	Y
	097.007	Haemulon plumieri	Y	Y
	097.006	Haemulon sciurus	Y	Y
	097.010	Haemulon striatum	Y
	097.015	Orthopristis chrysopterus	Y		Y
	097.014	Pomadasys corvinaeformis	Y
Sciaenidae	098.006	Bairdiella chrysura	Y		Y
	098.007	Bairdiella ronchus	Y	Y
	098.003	Cynoscion jamaicensis	Y
	098.001	Cynoscion regalis	Y		Y
	098.004	Larimus breviceps	Y	Y
	098.012	Micropogon undulatus	Y		Y
Sciaenidae	098.009	Ophioscion adustus	Y	Y
	098.015	Pogonias cromis	Y		Y
Sparidae	100.005	Lagodon rhomboides	Y		Y
Ephippidae	105.001	Chaetodipterus faber	Y	Y	Y
Triglidae	123.001	Prionotus carolinus	Y		Y
	123.002	Prionotus evolans			Y
Cottidae	127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	Y		Y
Dactylopteridae	130.001	Dactylopterus volitans	Y
Molidae	169.001	Mola mola	Y
Batrachoididae	170.002	Opsanus phobetron	Y	Y	Y
	170.001	Opsanus tau			Y

Table 3. List of 47 species of 24 families that were reported to spontaneously vocalize (without any outside stimulus) by Fish (1954) and/or Fish and Mowbray (1970). Spontaneous sounds usually accompanied feeding or reproductive behaviors.

FAMILY	CODE	SPECIES	COMMON NAME	SOUND
Albulidae	028.001	Albula vulpes	Bonefish	MODERATE
Ariidae	047.001	Bagre marinus	Gafftopsail catfish	STRONG
	047.002	Galeichthys felis	Sea catfish	STRONG
Anguillidae	049.001	Anguilla rostrata	American eel	WEAK
Gadidae	063.003	Gadus morhua	Atlantic cod	STRONG
Syngnathidae	070.001	Hippocampus hudsonius	Northern seahorse	MODERATE
Holocentridae	077.002	Holocentrus ascensionis	Squirrelfish	STRONG
	077.001	Myripristis jacobus	Blackbar soldierfish	STRONG
Serranidae	083.004	Epinephelus adscensionis	Rock hind	STRONG
	083.007	Epinephelus drummondhayi	Speckled hind	STRONG
	083.006	Epinephelus guttatus	Red hind	STRONG
	083.008	Epinephelus morio	Red grouper	MODERATE
	083.005	Epinephelus striatus	Nassau grouper	STRONG
	083.015	Mycteroperca interstitialis	Scamp	WEAK
Lutjanidae	085.008	Ocyurus chrysurus	Yellowtail snapper	WEAK
Carangidae	093.010	Caranx crysos	Blue runner	MODERATE
	093.009	Caranx hippos	Crevalle jack	STRONG
	093.011	Caranx latus	Horse-eye jack	STRONG
	093.007	Caranx ruber	Bar jack	STRONG
	093.004	Seriola dumerili	Greater amberjack	MODERATE
Pomadasyidae	097.001	Haemulon album	Margate	STRONG
	097.005	Haemulon melanurum	Cottonwick	STRONG
	097.015	Orthopristis chrysopterus	Pigfish	STRONG
Sciaenidae	098.006	Bairdiella chrysura	Silver perch	STRONG
	098.001	Cynoscion regalis	Weakfish	STRONG
	098.011	Leiostomus xanthurus	Spot	MODERATE
	098.012	Micropogon undulatus	Atlantic croaker	STRONG
	098.015	Pogonias cromis	Black drum	STRONG
Sparidae	100.005	Lagodon rhomboides	Pinfish	STRONG
Kyphosidae	103.001	Kyphosus sectatrix	Bermuda chub	MODERATE
Ephippidae	105.001	Chaetodipterus faber	Atlantic spadefish	STRONG
Chaetodontidae	106.003	Pomacanthus aureus	Gray angelfish	WEAK
Pomacentridae	109.003	Abudefduf saxatilis	Sergeant major	WEAK
	109.002	Eupomacentrus leucostictus	Beaugregory	WEAK
	109.004	Hypsypops rubicunda	Garibaldi	MODERATE
Labridae	110.002	Tautoga onitis	Tautog	MODERATE
Acanthuridae	112.003	Acanthurus bahianus	Ocean surgeon	WEAK
Scorpaenidae	122.002	Scorpaena plumieri	Spotted scorpionfish	WEAK
Triglidae	123.001	Prionotus carolinus	Northern searobin	STRONG
	123.002	Prionotus evolans	Striped searobin	STRONG
Cottidae	127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	Longhorn sculpin	STRONG
Balistidae	165.007	Alutera schoepfi	Orange filefish	MODERATE
	165.001	Balistes capriscus	Gray triggerfish	MODERATE
	165.003	Canthidermis sufflamen	Ocean triggerfish	WEAK
Ostraciidae	166.002	Lactophrys bicaudalis	Spotted trunkfish	MODERATE
Batrachoididae	170.002	Opsanus phobetron	West Indian toadfish	STRONG
	170.001	Opsanus tau	Oyster toadfish	STRONG

Table 4. List of 25 species of 17 families for which frequency range, peak frequency, and/or amplitudes are reported (Fish 1954, Fish and Mowbray 1970). * Amplitude is above 0.0002 d/cm² at the distance specified.

FAMILY	CODE	SPECIES	SOUND	FREQ. RANGE		PEAK FREQ.		AMPLITUDE*
Clupeidae	029.002	Opisthonema oglinum	WEAK	50-2000		50 -300		100 @ 2'
Anguillidae	049.001	Anguilla rostrata	WEAK	25-1200		75-300		107 @ 1'
Gadidae	063.001	Merluccius bilinearis	WEAK	80-875		300-
Syngnathidae	070.001	Hippocampus hudsonius	MODERATE		50-4800		400-800	108 @ 6"
Serranidae	083.017	Centropristis striatus	WEAK	25-1200		150-300		100 @ 2'
	083.001	Roccus saxatilis	MODERATE	50-800		75-300		108 @ 6'
Carangidae	093.012	Alectis crinitus	STRONG	50-4800		400-800		98 @ 2'
	093.010	Caranx crysos	MODERATE	20-800, 325-1110		75-300, 500		88 @ 1'
	093.003	Seriola zonata	MODERATE	25-1200		150-600		89 @ 2'
Sciaenidae	098.001	Cynoscion regalis	STRONG	20-1200, 100-500		50-250, 325		110 @ 2'
	098.014	Menticirrhus saxatilis	WEAK	175-1475		250 -
Sparidae	100.001	Stenotomus chrysops	WEAK	20-1400, 350-1150		150-300, 700		107 @ 2'
Ephippidae	105.001	Chaetodipterus faber	STRONG	50-1200		75-150		107 @ 1'
Labridae	110.002	Tautoga onitis	MODERATE 25-900			75-300		108 @ 2'
	110.001	Tautogolabrus adspersus	WEAK	25-800		150-300		107 @ 2'
Triglidae	123.001	Prionotus carolinus	STRONG	40-2400		150-750		113 @ 2'
	123.002	Prionotus evolans	STRONG	40-800		100-300		118 @ 2'
Cottidae	127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	STRONG	20-650		50-100		104 @ 2'
Bothidae	158.002	Scophthalmus aquosus	?	60-550		60-
Balistidae	165.007	Alutera schoepfi	MODERATE	50-4800		600-1200		100 @ 15'
	165.001	Balistes capriscus	MODERATE	50-4800		2400-4800		100 @ 2'
	165.006	Monacanthus hispidus	MODERATE	50-800		150-300		85 @ 1'
Tetraodontidae	167.003	Sphaeroides maculatus	MODERATE	200-1600		300-800, 1000-1200		91 @ 6 "
Diodontidae	168.002	Chilomycterus schoepfi	MODERATE	50-4800		150-400		110 @ 2'
Batrachoididae	170.001	Opsanus tau	STRONG	80-650,250-1000		100 -200,325		118 @ 2'

Table 5. List of 82 species in 83 tracks for which sounds are provided on the demonstration CD #1. *Ophidion marginatum (track 59) was originally misidentified as a type of call from Cynoscion regalis (track 19). For comparison a recent field recording of O. marginatum by R. Rountree is also provided (track 60). Sounds of spawning haddock (Track 49) were recorded by Tom Halavik (NMFS) during the early 1970's and were not part of Fish and Mowbray's (1970) original reference collection. However, it was part of their data archive (see text).

CODE	SPECIES	COMMON NAME	TRACK
093.012	Alectis crinitus	African pompano	1
083.011	Alphestes afer	Mutton hamlet	2
165.007	Alutera schoepfi	Orange filefish	3
165.008	Alutera scripta	Scrawled filefish	4
097.012	Anisotremus virginicus	Porkfish	5
098.006	Bairdiella chrysura	Silver perch	6
098.007	Bairdiella ronchus	Ronco (Ground drummer)	7
165.001	Balistes capriscus	Gray triggerfish	8
093.010	Caranx crysos	Blue runner	9
093.009	Caranx hippos	Crevalle jack	10
093.011	Caranx latus	Horse-eye jack	11
093.007	Caranx ruber	Bar jack	12
082.001	Centropomus ensiferus	Swordspine snook	13
068.003	Chilomycterus atinga	Spotted burrfish	14
168.002	Chilomycterus schoepfi	Striped burrfish	15
093.015	Chloroscombrus chrysurus	Bumper	16
097.013	Conodon nobilis	Barred grunt	17
098.003	Cynoscion jamaicensis	Mongolar drummer	18
098.001	Cynoscion regalis	Weakfish	19
130.001	Dactylopterus volitans	Flying gurnard	20
083.004	Epinephelus adscensionis	Rock hind	21
083.006	Epinephelus guttatus	Red hind	22
083.008	Epinephelus morio	Red grouper	23
083.005	Epinephelus striatus	Nassau grouper	24
096.001	Eucinostomus gula	Silver jenny	25
063.003	Gadus morhua	Atlantic cod	26
047.002	Galeichthys felis	Sea catfish	27
097.001	Haemulon album	Margate	28
097.009	Haemulon aurolineatum	Tomtate	29
097.004	Haemulon carbonarium	Caesar grunt	30
097.008	Haemulon flavolineatum	French grunt	31
097.002	Haemulon macrostomum	Spanish grunt	32
097.005	Haemulon melanurum	Cottonwick	33
097.003	Haemulon parrae	Sailors choice	34
097.007	Haemulon plumieri	White grunt	35
097.006	Haemulon sciurus	Bluestriped grunt	36
070.001	Hippocampus hudsonius	Northern seahorse	37
106.007	Holacanthus isabelita	Blue angelfish	38
077.002	Holocentrus ascensionis	Squirrelfish	39
103.001	Kyphosus sectatrix	Bermuda chub	40
166.004	Lactophrys quadricornis	Cowfish	41
166.003	Lactophrys trigonus	Trunkfish	42
166.001	Lactophrys triqueter	Smooth trunkfish	43
167.001	Lagocephalus laevigatus	Smooth puffer	44
098.004	Larimus breviceps	Corbino	45
098.011	Leiostomus xanthurus	Spot	46
085.005	Lutjanus analis	Mutton snapper	47
085.003	Lutjanus jocu	Dog snapper	48
N/A	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	Haddock	49
165.004	Melichthys radula	Black durgon	50
063.001	Merluccius bilinearis	Silver hake	51
098.012	Micropogon undulatus	Atlantic croaker	52
165.006	Monacanthus hispidus	Planehead filefish	53
083.013	Mycteroperca bonaci	Black grouper	55
127.001	Myoxocephalus aeneus	Grubby	56
127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	Longhorn sculpin	57
077.001	Myripristis jacobus	Blackbar soldierfish	58
098.001*	Ophidion marginatum	Striped cusk-eel	59
N/A	Ophidion marginatum	Striped cusk-eel	60
098.009	Ophioscion adustus	Snake croaker	61
170.001	Opsanus tau	Oyster toadfish	62
097.015	Orthopristis chrysopterus	Pigfish	63
083.002	Petrometopon cruentatum	Graysby	64
098.015	Pogonias cromis	Black drum	65
106.004	Pomacanthus arcuatus	French angelfish	66
097.014	Pomadasys corvinaeformis	Roughneck grunt	67
091.001	Pomatomus saltatrix	Bluefish	68
123.001	Prionotus carolinus	Northern searobin	69
123.002	Prionotus evolans	Striped searobin	70
083.001	Roccus saxatilis	Striped bass	54
083.020	Rypticus saponaceus	Black soapfish	71
111.010	Scarus guacamaia	Rainbow parrotfish	72
098.010	Sciaenops ocellata	Red drum	73
093.006	Selar crumenophthalmus	Bigeye scad	74
093.014	Selene vomer	Lookdown	75
167.003	Sphaeroides maculatus	Northern puffer	76
167.002	Sphaeroides testudineus	Checkered puffer	77
100.001	Stenotomus chrysops	Scup	78
110.002	Tautoga onitis	Tautog	79
110.001	Tautogolabrus adspersus	Cunner	80
093.016	Trachinotus glaucus	Palometa	81
063.005	Urophycis chuss	Squirrel hake	82
063.004	Urophycis regius	Spotted hake	83

Table 6. Demonstration of the major types of fish sounds based on 17 selected species (CD #2).

CODE	SPECIES	COMMON NAME	TRACK	TIME
047.002	Galeichthys felis	Sea catfish	1	1:28
N/A	Melanogrammus aeglefinus	Haddock	2	1:32
N/A	Ophidion marginatum	Striped cusk-eel	3	0:37
077.002	Holocentrus ascensionis	Squirrelfish	4	1:01
083.004	Epinephelus adscensionis	Rock hind	5	0:55
093.009	Caranx hippos	Crevalle jack	6	0:56
097.013	Conodon nobilis	Barred grunt	7	0:22
098.001	Cynoscion regalis	Weakfish	8	0:36
098.003	Cynoscion jamaicensis	Mongolar drummer	9	0:20
098.006	Bairdiella chrysura	Silver perch	10	2:29
098.012	Micropogon undulatus	Atlantic croaker	11	0:52
098.015	Pogonias cromis	Black drum	12	2:47
123.002	Prionotus evolans	Striped searobin	13	0:53
127.002	Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus	Longhorn sculpin	14	0:35
166.004	Lactophrys quadricornis	Cowfish	15	0:30
167.003	Sphaeroides maculatus	Northern puffer	16	0:23
170.001	Opsanus tau	Oyster toadfish	17	1:59

Table 7. Summary of tapes found in the tape archives of Fish, Mowbray, Winn and others at URI. These materials were intended to become part of Fish and Mowbray's Reference Collection of Underwater Sounds. (*Estimates from a preliminary inventory, Totals for tape types may not add up to the Total tapes).

			Tape Type
TALLY-GROUP	SERIES	TOTAL TAPES	5 IN	7 IN	10 IN	CASSETTES	OTHER
DEMOS	16	16	9	5	0	0	0
DONATIONS	67	283	155	100	7	18	3
GSO-EDITS	17	32	19	11	1	0	0
GSO-LOCAL STUDIES	17	51	29	2	15	0	0
GSO-RESEARCH CRUISES	54	797	195	319	32	178	0
LOCAL STUDIES	21	95	59	34	0	0	1
NML-FISH AND MOWBRAY	17	125	68	56	0	0	1
*Grand Total	209	1399	534	527	55	196	5

Table 8. List of sounds recorded on tape boxes in the archive, except for collections and long lists. Additional sounds can be found in the fish collection (Table 1 ), marine mammal collections, and under water sounds collections (not included here).

SOUND LIST

AIRCRAFT

ANGUILLA ROSTRATA

ATLANTIC CROAKER

BAIRDIELLA CHRYSURA

BARNICLES

BEAKED WHALE

BEARDED SEAL

BELL BUOY

BELUGA

BIG EYE SCAD

BIRDS

BLACK COD

BLACK DRUM

BLACK SIDED DACE

BLACK TRIGGER

BLUE RUNNER

BLUE TANG

BLUE WHALE

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN

BOTTLENOSE WHALE

BOWHEAD WHALE

CABLE NOISE

CALIFORNIA GRAY WHALE

CARANX CRYSOS

CETACEAN COLLECTION (11 SP)

CETACEAN COLLECTION (33 SP)

CETACEAN COLLECTION (8 SP)

CHAINS

COMMON DOLPHIN

CRICKETS

CROAKER

CUSK-EEL

DESTROYER'S SONAR

DOLPHINS

DREDGE

EXPLOSIONS

FALSE KILLER WHALE

FATHOMETER

FIDDLER CRABS

FINBACK

FISH

FISH COLLECTION - AUSTRALIA (7 SP)

FISH REFERENCE SOUNDS (178 SP)

FRESH WATER DRUM

FUR SEALS

GENERATOR

GRAMPUS GRISIEUS

GRAY SEAL

GROUPER

GUNSHOTS

HADDOCK

HARBOR SEAL

HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL

HUMPBACK

HUMPBACK BUBBLENET

HYPEROODON ROSTRATA

ICE

INVERTEBRATES

KILLER WHALES

KRILL

LAG

LAG ACUTUS

LAG ALBROSTRIS

LAGENORHYNCHAS OBLIQUIDENS

LONGIROSTRIS FRONTALIS

MANATEE

MARINE MAMMAL COLLECTION (42 SP)

MARINE SOUNDS (23 EXAMPLES)

MELANOGRAMMUS AEGLEFINUS

MESAPLODON

MESAPLODON DENSIROSTRIS

MINKE

MORRAY EEL

MUSSELS

NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL

ORANGE FILEFISH

OUTBOARD MOTER

OWN SHIP NOISE

PACIFIC MACKEREL

PACIFIC PILOT WHALE

PENGUINS

PHOCENA PHOCENA

PIGFISH

PILOT WHALE DRIVE

PILOT WHALES

PINGER

POMPANO

PUMP

RADIO INTERFERENCE

RAIN SQUALLS

RED DRUM

RF NOISE

RIGHT WHALE

RING SEALS

SABLE FISH

SEA LION

SEA URCHIN

SEI WHALE

SEISMIC DISTURBANCE

SHRIMP

SOTALIA

SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALE

SPERM WHALE

SPINNER DOLPHIN

SPINY LOBSTER

SPOT

SPOTTED SEAL

SPOTTED STENELLAS

SQUID

STATIC

STENELLA

STENELLA ATTENUATA

STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS

STENO BREDANENSIS

TANKER

TOADFISH

TOWER COLLASPE

TRAFFIC

TRAWLERS

TUG BOAT

TURSIOPS

TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS

UNKNOWN

UNKNOWN "FROG SOUND"

WADDEL SEAL

WALRUS

WEAKFISH

WIND

ZIPHIIDAE?

Table 9. Geographic areas covered in the archive.

GENERAL RECORDING AREA	NUMBER OF SERIES	NUMBER OF TAPES
AFRICA	1	2
ALASKA	3	6
ANTARCTIC	1	1
ARTIC	1	2
AUSTRALIA	4	4
BERING SEA - ALASKA	1	2
BERMUDA	19	121
BERMUDA AND SARGASSO	1	1
BERMUDA AND SOUTH AMERICA	1	1
CANADA	16	87
CAPE VERDE	1	4
EAST COAST	55	324
EAST COAST - CANADA	1	0
EAST COAST AND BERMUDA	1	1
EAST COAST-WEST INDIES	4	98
MADEIRA ISLANDS	1	1
MEDITERRANEAN SEA	3	3
MEXICO	9	67
NEW YORK	1	11
NEW ZEALAND	3	5
PACIFIC	10	29
PUERTO RICO	1	1
SOUTH ATLANTIC	1	40
U.S.	3	58
UNK	11	18
VARIOUS	13	189
WEST COAST	12	15
WEST COAST AND PACIFIC	3	4
WEST INDIES	27	303
WEST INDIES AND NEWFOUNDLAND	1	1
Grand Total	209	1399

Table 10. Types of research platforms from which recordings were made in the archive. Aquarium = any containment, laboratory, tank, enclosure, pens, public aquarium, etc.

RECORDING PLATFORM	NUMBER OF SERIES	NUMBER OF TAPES
AIR	4	5
AIR-SONOBUOY	1	1
AQUARIUM	24	117
BAY	1	2
BEACH	1	3
BOAT	44	312
BOAT, LAND, ICE	1	1
BOAT-AQUARIUM	1	1
BOAT-PIER	1	1
BOAT-SOFAR	2	51
BOTTOM MOUNT	2	2
ICE	3	5
MILS STA?	1	1
PARK	1	1
PIER	3	8
SHIP	60	511
SHIP AND AQUARIUM	1	7
SHIP-BOAT	6	7
SHIP-RANGE	1	1
SHIP-SUBMARINE	1	1
SHIP-TANK	3	6
SOFAR	7	168
SOFAR TYPE?	1	1
SUBMARINE	1	2
SUBMARINE & SOFAR	1	1
TEST RANGE	1	1
TOWER	3	4
UNKNOWN	21	41
US NAVY	1	3
VARIOUS	11	134
Grand Total	209	1399

Table 11. Descriptions of selected "neat" tape series found in the archive.

SERIES	DESCRIPTION
7	TOWER COLLASPE, U.S. NAVY RECORDED SOUNDS AFTER DISASTER
8	REFERENCE SOUNDS USED FOR FISH AND MOWBRAY'S 1970 BOOK (SEE Table 1 )
14	MANATEE
17	MAY BE REFERENCE SOUNDS FOR FISH, 1954 PUBLICATION
38	PILOT WHALE DRIVE, GUNSHOTS, 150 PILOT WHALES HERDED AND SHOT
45	PILOTS, SPERM, FINBACKS, BOTTLENOSE WHALES, COMMON DOLPHIN, KRILL, TRAWLERS, EDO; PLAYBACK TESTS, FINBACK FEEDING ON KRILL
46	STENELLA, SPERM, HUMPBACK, TURSIOPS, PLAYBACK TO HUMPBACKS
51	HUMPBACK AND FINBACK FEEDING, BUBBLE-NETS, LAG ACUTES, SQUALLS, MINKE, RIGHT WHALES, HULL CREAKS, CABLE, CONCORD AIRCRAFT
87	BAIRDIELLA CRYSURA, ROARING CHORUS
93	MORRAY EELS ON R/V TRIDENT, HIGH FREQ (6-8 KHZ) SOUNDS
105	11 EXAMPLES OF HAWIIAN FISH SOUNDS
108	2 "BOING" TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH BERADIUS BAIRDII AND MESOPLODON CARLUBBSI
110	HUMPBACK TRAPPED IN A FISH NET
120	CALIFORNIA GRAY WHALE, FIRST KNOWN RECORDING
124	HADDOCK (MELANOGRAMMUS AEGLEFINUS) SPAWNING IN NMFS BROOD TANKS
135	RECORDED UNDER THE ARTIC ICE: SEVERAL SEAL SPP., KILLER WHALE, BOWHEAD
139	WEST COAST FISHES: BLACK COD, SABLE FISH, BLACK SIDED DACE?
142	ORIGINAL HUMPBACK RECORDING APRIL 1953 (COPY), ALSO FINBACK & SPERM WHALE
147	MOULTON'S SEA ROBIN PLAYBACK TESTS, F & M SUGGEST MAY BE MIS-ID C. REGALIS, BUT NEW DATA SUGGESTS OPHIDION MARGINATUM, WHICH F & M MIS-ID.
152	7 AUSTRALIAN FISH SPECIES
154	PILOT WHALES BEING HARPOONED
161	SPERM WHALE'S "LAUGHTER" SOUNDS AFTER BEING "BOTHERED" BY SUS EXPLOSIONS
180	MESAPLODON DENSIROSTRIS, POSSIBLE FIRST KNOWN RECORDING
187	CALIFORNIA GRAY WHALE, BEST EDITS FROM P. PERKINS RECORDINGS
194	SOUNDS OF A SPERM WHALE BEING FOLLOWED AND TRACKED DURING A DIVE USING THE DIRECTIONAL BQR-3 SONAR

This page was last modified on July 20, 2001